Estimated mean differences for the percentages of positive responses in the dimensions of the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture between healthcare professionals holding a leadership position or those who are not
| Dimensions | Leadership position | Contrasts | ||
| Yes | No | Yes–No (CI 95%) | P value | |
| Teamwork within units | 86.9 (82.0 to 92.1) | 79.3 (78.0 to 80.6) | 7.6 (3.2 to 12.0) | 0.001 |
| Expectations and actions promoting patient safety | 76.7 (70.3 to 83.8) | 69.2 (63.0 to 76.1) | 7.5 (3.5 to 11.5) | <0.001 |
| Organisational learning—continuous improvement | 83.3 (80.6 to 86.1) | 81.7 (77.3; 86.3) | 1.6 (1.4 to 4.7) | 0.292 |
| Management support for patient safety | 84.9 (79.7 to 90.4) | 77.0 (73.0 to 81.3) | 7.9 (3.1 to 12.6) | 0.001 |
| Feedback and communication about errors | 75.8 (73.7 to 77.8) | 73.5 (70.2 to 77.0) | 2.3 (0.8 to 5.3) | 0.142 |
| Frequency of events reported | 76.0 (63.0 to 91.6) | 70.1 (61.7 to 79.6) | 5.9 (0.3 to 11.5) | 0.040 |
| Overall perceptions of patients’ safety | 68.5 (62.2 to 75.4) | 65.2 (59.6 to 71.5) | 3.2 (0.5 to 7.0) | 0.093 |
| Communication openness | 68.6 (62.3 to 75.6) | 58.2 (55.7 to 60.9) | 10.4 (2.4 to 18.4) | 0.011 |
| Teamwork across units | 68.7 (66.4 to 71.1) | 62.8 (59.1 to 66.7) | 6.0 (0.0 to 11.9) | 0.051 |
| Staffing | 47.7 (44.2 to 51.4) | 39.8 (36.1 to 44.0) | 7.8 (2.6 to 13.1) | 0.003 |
| Handoffs and transitions | 59.5 (50.1 to 70.5) | 60.3 (52.5 to 69.3) | 0.9 (-4.7 to 3.0) | 0.663 |
| Non-punitive response to error | 53.4 (48.1 to 59.2) | 36.6 (33.8 to 39.6) | 16.7 (9.2 to 24.3) | <0.001 |
Bold: significant p value.