Multiple comparisons between professional categories in the dimensions of the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture
| Contrasts | Mean (95% CI) | P value | Mean (95% CI) | P value | Mean (95% CI) | P value |
| Teamwork within units | Expectations and actions promoting patient safety | Organisational learning—continuous improvement | ||||
| Physician—nurse | 8.8 (6.3 to 11.3) | <0.001 | 4.5 (−2.4 to 11.3) | 0.414 | 3.0 (−5.9 to −0.1) | 0.039 |
| Physician—multi-professional team | 7.8 (0.7 to 14.8) | 0.023 | 4.2 (−1.2 to 9.6) | 0.236 | 0.6 (−4.5 to 5.7) | >0.999 |
| Physician—others | 5.8 (0.5 to 11.1) | 0.024 | 3.7 (−0.9 to 8.3) | 0.217 | 0.3 (−2.1 to 2.7) | >0.999 |
| Nurse—multi-professional team | 1.0 (−5.6 to 3.5) | >0.999 | 0.3 (−2.8 to 2.3) | >0.999 | 3.6 (0.6 to 6.6) | 0.010 |
| Nurse—others | 3.0 (−8.5 to 2.5) | 0.576 | 0.8 (−7.6 to 6.0) | >0.999 | 3.3 (−1.0 to 7.6) | 0.226 |
| Multi-professional team—others | 2.0 (−10.1 to 6.2) | >0.999 | 0.5 (−6.5 to 5.5) | >0.999 | 0.3 (−5.9 to 5.3) | >0.999 |
| Management support for patient safety | Feedback and communication about errors | Frequency of events reported | ||||
| Physician—nurse | 3.5 (−2.5 to 9.5) | 0.641 | 10.6 (−15.2 to −6.0) | <0.001 | 9.7 (−14.2 to −5.3) | <0.001 |
| Physician—multi-professional team | 2.8 (−2.8 to 8.4) | 0.687 | 4.1 (−9.7 to 1.6) | 0.213 | 4.0 (−8.3 to 0.3) | 0.082 |
| Physician—others | 0.3 (−1.4 to 0.9) | 0.723 | 4.2 (−7.4 to −0.9) | 0.006 | 8.6 (−16.2 to −1.1) | 0.017 |
| Nurse—multi-professional team | 0.7 (−2.5 to 1.0) | 0.723 | 6.5 (1.4 to 11.5) | 0.006 | 5.8 (1.3 to 10.2) | 0.005 |
| Nurse—others | 3.8 (−9.3 to 1.7) | 0.405 | 6.4 (3.4 to 9.3) | <0.001 | 1.1 (−1.8 to 4.0) | 0.453 |
| Multi-professional team—others | 3.1 (−8.7 to 2.6) | 0.687 | 0.1 (−5.8 to 5.6) | 0.975 | 4.7 (−11.6 to 2.3) | 0.267 |
| Overall perceptions of patients’ safety | Communication openness | Teamwork across units | ||||
| Physician—nurse | 10.1 (0.0 to 20.1) | 0.051 | 7.9 (−1.4 to 17.1) | 0.137 | 11.5 (3.6 to 19.5) | 0.001 |
| Physician—multi-professional team | 7.6 (1.8 to 13.5) | 0.004 | 9.8 (0.4 to 19.3) | 0.038 | 8.0 (−0.3 to 16.3) | 0.065 |
| Physician—others | 7.4 (5.8 to 9.0) | <0.001 | 8.4 (0.8 to 16.0) | 0.021 | 7.3 (4.8 to 9.8) | <0.001 |
| Nurse—multi-professional team | 2.4 (−8.3 to 3.5) | 0.987 | 2.0 (−0.9 to 4.8) | 0.289 | 3.6 (−8.2 to 1.1) | 0.201 |
| Nurse—others | 2.7 (−10.7 to 5.3) | 0.987 | 0.6 (−5.7 to 6.8) | >0.999 | 4.2 (−10.6 to 2.2) | 0.275 |
| Multi-professional team—others | 0.3 (−3.9 to 3.3) | 0.987 | 1.4 (−10.0 to 7.1) | >0.999 | 0.7 (−7.6 to 6.3) | 0.854 |
| Staffing | Handoffs and transitions | Non-punitive response to error | ||||
| Physician—nurse | 5.8 (−1.8 to 13.3) | 0.200 | 1.7 (−6.7 to 10.2) | >0.999 | 6.7 (−5.3 to 18.7) | 0.750 |
| Physician—multi-professional team | 10.8 (7.0 to 14.7) | <0.001 | 3.0 (0.7 to 5.2) | 0.004 | 9.5 (1.1 to 18.0) | 0.017 |
| Physician—others | 7.5 (5.2 to 9.8) | <0.001 | 9.2 (4.5 to 13.9) | <0.001 | 3.7 (−6.6 to 14.1) | 0.831 |
| Nurse—multi-professional team | 5.1 (−0.4 to 10.5) | 0.080 | 1.2 (−5.5 to 7.9) | >0.999 | 2.8 (−2.9 to 8.5) | 0.750 |
| Nurse—others | 1.8 (−5.4 to 8.9) | 0.632 | 7.4 (−2.4 to 17.3) | 0.214 | 2.9 (−15.4 to 9.5) | 0.831 |
| Multi-professional team—others | 3.3 (−7.9 to 1.2) | 0.200 | 6.2 (1.7 to 10.8) | 0.002 | 5.8 (−16.6 to 5.0) | 0.750 |
Bold: significant p value.