Table 2

Studies highlighting structural attributes as facilitating, hindering or both for PE*†‡

Structural attributePE barrierPE barrier and facilitatorPE facilitator
PE knowledgeEmbedded ImageEmbedded ImageEmbedded Image
Recruitment and/or representativenessEmbedded ImageEmbedded ImageEmbedded Image
Time and resourcesEmbedded ImageEmbedded ImageEmbedded Image
Physical environmentEmbedded ImageEmbedded ImageEmbedded Image
Ref study
Amann et al 201824Armstrong et al 201731Scholtes et al 202136Hwang and Warshaw, 201941
Brouwers et al 201725Armstrong et al 201832Anderson et al 202137McKevitt et al 201842
Gagliardi et al 200826Boivin et al 201452Carlsson et al 200748Sharma et al 201843
Gurung et al 201727de Souza et al 201753Dayekh et al 202238van der Meide et al 201544
Lindblom et al 202128Daouk-Öyry et al 201854Fudge et al 200839Weiste et al 202145
Livingston et al 201329O'Donnell et al 201933Galvin et al 202040Whiston et al 201946
Neech et al, 201830Greene et al, 201834Hashem et al, 201849
Rise et al, 201451Omeni et al 201435

  • Affected stakeholder: Embedded Image, multiple stakeholders; Embedded Image, public or patients; Embedded Image, HP’s managers, leaders; Embedded Image, policy-makers.

  • Study participants and healthcare setting: (a) HP; (b) PR; (c) HP and PR; (d) HP, managers/leaders, PR. (1) acute care; (2) regional care; (3) specialised care; (4) national/general care.

  • Study method: Embedded Image Qualitative; Embedded Image, mixed; Embedded Image, cross-sectional; Embedded Image, action-research; Embedded Image, case study; Embedded Image, RCT.

  • *Bar height represents number of participants: Small bar = ≤ n 10, medium bars = > n 10, and highest bars = > n 49.

  • †Study ref.

  • ‡Blue numbers=study ref.

  • PE, patient engagement; RCT, randomised controlled trial.