Summary of evidence included in the integrative review
| Author/year/ country | Aim | Method/study design | Setting/sample | Level of evidence | Theme(s) identified |
| Summary of data-based publications | |||||
| Barkell et al19 2020 USA | Appraise the literature regarding the use and application of ‘just culture’ in healthcare. | Integrative review | Ten studies | V | Education and training related to ‘just culture’, promoting a culture of non-punitive response to error and leadership commitment |
| David27 2019 USA | Determine whether there was an association between organisational culture and readiness for ‘just culture’ training. | Quantitative (survey) | Two suburban hospitals Participants: 172 physician hospitalists | IV | Training, trust, openness of communication and changing organisational culture |
| Freeman et al26 2016 Canada | Explore nurse manager perspectives on competencies for successfully implementing a ‘just culture’ on their respective units. | Qualitative (semi-structured interviews) | Regional hospital Participants: nine nurse managers | VI | Education and training related to ‘just culture’, changing organisational culture of blame and punishment, accountability |
| Paradiso et al30 2019 USA | Examine whether there was a relationship between trust, ‘just culture’, and error reporting. | Quantitative (correlational, cross-sectional study) | Independent teaching hospital Participants: convenience sample of 1500 clinical nurses and 80 nurse leaders | IV | Trust, open communication and balanced accountability |
| van Baarle et al7 2022 The Netherlands | Explore requirements and challenges for fostering a ‘just culture’ within healthcare organisations. | Qualitative (interviews and focus groups) | Five healthcare organisations Participants: five project groups | VI | Open communication, room for emotions and involvement of leadership |
| van Marum et al20 2022 The Netherlands | Investigate barriers and enhancers to trust in error reporting in a ‘just culture’. | Systematic review | Fourteen articles | V | Organisational factors, team dynamics and experience level |
| Summary of expert opinions, editorials, commentaries | |||||
| Armstrong28 2019 USA | Explore how ‘just culture’ has expanded the understanding of patient safety. | Perspective and Editorial | One professor, two associate editors | VII | Education, openness of communication |
| Fencl et al25 2021 USA | Describe creating a ‘just culture’ for staff safety in the perioperative setting. | Perspective | Three network health providers | VII | Psychological safety, leader responsibility, staff member accountability, enhanced communication and staff member empowerment |
| Lai31 2018 USA | Provide an overview of ‘just culture’ for surgeons. | Editorial | One journal editor | VII | Accountability |
| Lockhart22 2015 | Describe the development of a ‘just culture’. | Expert opinion | One nurse manager | VII | Transparency, leadership commitment, open communication and frontline staff engagement |
| Marx29 2019 USA | Describe ‘just culture’ as a cornerstone to patient safety. | Perspective | One consultant | VII | Education and accountability |
| Murray et al8 2022 USA | Describe the principles and practices of a ‘just culture’ in healthcare. | Brief Report | High reliability organisation support team | VII | Engaged leadership, set expectations, accountability, training and assess staff members’ perceptions |
| Oliver32 2018 UK | Describe accountability—individual blame vs a ‘just culture’. | Perspective | One clinical consultant | VII | Accountability |
| Rogers et al23 2017 USA | Describe ways that pharmacy directors can use ‘just culture’ to manage the degree of error in patient-centred pharmacy services. | Director’s forum | Five pharmacy directors | VII | Leadership engagement, values clarification and accountability |
| Shabel et al21 2012 USA | Describe the Missouri ‘Just Culture’ collaborative. | Collaborative opinion | 50 healthcare organisations | VII | Leadership commitment and training |
| Ulrich24 2017 USA | Describe healthcare worker safety and ‘just culture’. | Editorial | One journal editor | VII | Leadership commitment, behavioural standards and accountability |