Table 4

Factors associated with positive responses in each dimension

Dimension		Professional role						Duration in the hospital			Average work hours per week
Dimension		Management	Nurses and midwives	Physicians	Technologists	Hospital aides	Others	<1 year	1–10 years	>10 years	<40 hours	40–60 hours	>60 hours
Teamwork within units	OR (95% CI)	*	0.55 (0.26, 1.14)	1.05 (0.44, 2.5)	1.18 (0.51, 2.71)	2.37 (0.96, 5.84)	2.15 (0.81, 5.7)	*	1.49 (0.96, 2.31)	1.63 (0.9, 2.92)	*	2.89 (1.72, 4.85)	1.28 (0.72, 2.28)
Teamwork within units	P value		0.106	0.911	0.7	0.062	0.124		0.079	0.104		<0.001	0.397
Supervisor/manager expectations and actions promoting patient safety	OR (95% CI)		1.39 (0.77, 2.51)	1.23 (0.6, 2.51)	1.5 (0.77, 2.94)	1.45 (0.78, 2.7)	1.44 (0.73, 2.82)		0.44 (0.25, 0.8)	0.64 (0.33, 1.26)		1.52 (0.86, 2.69)	1.16 (0.61, 2.22)
	P value		0.271	0.578	0.233	0.237	0.293		0.007	0.196		0.152	0.657
Organisational learning–continuous improvement	OR (95% CI)		0.86 (0.53, 1.4)	0.65 (0.38, 1.13)	1.29 (0.75, 2.22)	2.48 (1.4, 4.38)	1.17 (0.67, 2.03)		1.03 (0.73, 1.45)	1.38 (0.9, 2.1)		2.15 (1.45, 3.18)	1.57 (1, 2.46)
Organisational learning–continuous improvement	P value		0.552	0.129	0.362	0.002	0.58		0.868	0.136		<0.001	0.051
Management support for patient safety	OR (95% CI)		0.85 (0.53, 1.37)	0.65 (0.38, 1.11)	1.25 (0.73, 2.12)	1.9 (1.11, 3.26)	1.48 (0.84, 2.59)		1.05 (0.75, 1.46)	1.21 (0.81, 1.82)		2.21 (1.5, 3.25)	1.35 (0.87, 2.09)
Management support for patient safety	P value		0.517	0.113	0.418	0.019	0.174		0.794	0.357		<0.001	0.1728
Overall perceptions of patient safety	OR (95% CI)		1.5 (0.77, 2.92)	0.55 (0.27, 1.12)	2.31 (1.01, 5.28)	1.34 (0.67, 2.67)	0.94 (0.46, 1.9)		0.6 (0.34, 1.05)	1.02 (0.52, 2)		1.24 (0.66, 2.35)	0.85 (0.42, 1.69)
Overall perceptions of patient safety	P value		0.232	0.101	0.048	0.411	0.855		0.074	0.956		0.504	0.634
Feedback and communication about error	OR (95% CI)		0.55 (0.27, 1.09)	0.65 (0.29, 1.43)	0.79 (0.37, 1.68)	0.84 (0.4, 1.74)	0.88 (0.4, 1.93)		1.32 (0.9, 1.95)	1.52 (0.93, 2.48)		1.72 (1.06, 2.81)	1.24 (0.7, 2.17)
Feedback and communication about error	P value		0.087	0.282	0.539	0.633	0.752		0.161	0.092		0.029	0.46
Communication openness	OR (95% CI)		0.87 (0.57, 1.34)	0.79 (0.48, 1.31)	0.78 (0.49, 1.23)	0.93 (0.59, 1.44)	0.85 (0.53, 1.37)		0.92 (0.68, 1.24)	0.92 (0.65, 1.29)		1.43 (0.99, 2.08)	1.02 (0.67, 1.55)
Communication openness	P value		0.539	0.362	0.29	0.731	0.515		0.57	0.621		0.056	0.921
Frequency of events reported	OR (95% CI)		1.17 (0.8, 1.72)	1.14 (0.71, 1.81)	1.13 (0.75, 1.72)	0.88 (0.6, 1.3)	1.02 (0.67, 1.55)		1.14 (0.88, 1.49)	1.31 (0.96, 1.8)		1.3 (0.91, 1.85)	1.08 (0.72, 1.62)
Frequency of events reported	P value		0.412	0.591	0.557	0.524	0.937		0.327	0.09		0.146	0.711
Teamwork across units	OR (95% CI)		0.64 (0.33, 1.26)	0.24 (0.12, 0.48)	0.93 (0.44, 1.97)	1.4 (0.66, 2.98)	0.87 (0.41, 1.86)		0.48 (0.27, 0.84)	0.4 (0.22, 0.74)		1.41 (0.83, 2.4)	1.27 (0.7, 2.32)
Teamwork across units	P value		0.201	<0.001	0.841	0.384	0.723		0.01	0.004		0.207	0.428
Staffing	OR (95% CI)		0.83 (0.55, 1.27)	0.4 (0.25, 0.65)	0.74 (0.47, 1.16)	1.0095 (0.6489, 1.5704)			0.75 (0.56, 1)	1.18 (0.83, 1.67)		1.04 (0.71, 1.52)	0.7 (0.46, 1.07)
Staffing	P value		0.399	<0.001	0.189	0.967	0.179		0.051	0.363		0.843	0.103
Handoffs and transitions	OR (95% CI)		0.84 (0.58, 1.22)	0.64 (0.41, 0.99)	0.87 (0.58, 1.3)	1.17 (0.79, 1.73)	1.76 (1.13, 2.74)		0.76 (0.58, 1.01)	0.68 (0.49, 0.93)		1.25 (0.88, 1.77)	1.29 (0.86, 1.92)
Handoffs and transitions	P value		0.359	0.043	0.506	0.426	0.013		0.062	0.018		0.205	0.213
Non-punitive response to error	OR (95% CI)		0.68 (0.49, 0.94)	0.78 (0.53, 1.16)	0.75 (0.53, 1.07)	0.66 (0.47, 0.92)	0.74 (0.52, 1.05)		0.86 (0.68, 1.09)	0.85 (0.65, 1.12)		0.66 (0.48, 0.9)	0.71 (0.5, 1.01)
Non-punitive response to error	P value		0.018	0.221	0.111	0.014	0.094		0.213	0.253		0.008	0.055

Bolded p-values indicates statistically significant findings (P<0.05).
*Reference category.