Baseline demographic and disease characteristics among participants (n=258)
| Variables | ||
| Age (years) | 61.5 | (13.3) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.6 | (3.7) |
| mCCI | 2.4 | (1.7) |
| Males, n (%) | 119 | (46) |
| Duration of symptoms (years) before surgery | 2.7 | (3.2) |
| Analgesics use before study, n (%) | 176 | (68) |
| ODI | 40.5 | (18.2) |
| Diagnosis, n (%) | ||
| Spondylolisthesis | 129 | (62) |
| Disc herniation | 88 | (42) |
| Spondylotic stenosis | 129 | (62) |
Data are mean (SD) unless indicated.
BMI, body mass index; mCCI, modified Charlson Comorbidity Index; ODI, Oswestry Disability Index.