Participant characteristics
| Participants N=20 | Hospital site 1 | Hospital site 2 | Hospital site 3 |
| 6 (30%) | 7 (35%) | 7 (35%) | |
| Nationality | Saudi | Non-Saudi | |
| 15 (75%) | 5 (25%) | ||
| Gender | Male | Female | |
| 17 (85%) | 3 (15%) | ||
| Age | 30–40 years | 41–50 years | Older than 50 years |
| 9 (45%) | 7 (35%) | 4 (20%) | |
| Educational level | Bachelor | Master | Fellowship/PhD |
| 9 (45%) | 5 (25%) | 6 (30%) | |
The managers interviewed in this research came from different managerial levels—top, middle and front-line managers—and different work areas. These included hospital administration, medical, nursing, pharmacy, operation theatre, quality, infection prevention and control and patient affairs.