OR models for the combined endpoint of intensive care unit (ICU) care, hospital admission and emergency department (ED) visit and each endpoint separately
| Characteristics* | Combined endpoint (ICU, hospitalisation, ED) | ICU care | Hospital admission | ED visit | ||||
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
| Engagement type | ||||||||
| No virtual engagement | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Telemedicine visits only | 0.56 (0.44 to 0.70) | 0.80 (0.61 to 1.03) | 0.45 (0.28 to 0.71) | 0.65 (0.40 to 1.06) | 0.57 (0.43 to 0.76) | 0.78 (0.58 to 1.05) | 1.60 (1.00 to 2.57) | 1.34 (0.81 to 2.22) |
| Survey only | 0.38 (0.33 to 0.45) | 0.49 (0.41 to 0.59) | 0.05 (0.02 to 0.10) | 0.07 (0.03 to 0.16) | 0.14 (0.10 to 0.19) | 0.17 (0.12 to 0.23) | 0.37 (0.21 to 0.66) | 0.36 (0.20 to 0.65) |
| Telemedicine and survey | 0.17 (0.11 to 0.27) | 0.25 (0.16 to 0.41) | 0.04 (0.01 to 0.28) | 0.06 (0.01 to 0.47) | 0.09 (0.04 to 0.20) | 0.14 (0.06 to 0.32) | 0.85 (0.37 to 1.94) | 0.62 (0.25 to 1.55) |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Female | 0.75 (0.68 to 0.83) | 0.85 (0.76 to 0.96) | 0.56 (0.48 to 0.67) | 0.63 (0.52 to 0.76) | 0.83 (0.74 to 0.94) | 0.96 (0.84 to 1.10) | 1.44 (1.08 to 1.92) | 1.42 (1.04 to 1.94) |
| Race | ||||||||
| White | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Black | 1.16 (1.04 to 1.30) | 1.04 (0.92 to 1.18) | 1.19 (0.98 to 1.43) | 1.02 (0.82 to 1.27) | 1.10 (0.96 to 1.25) | 1.03 (0.89 to 1.19) | 1.85 (1.34 to 2.56) | 1.59 (1.14 to 2.24) |
| Multiple/Others | 1.02 (0.80 to 1.29) | 1.17 (0.90 to 1.53) | 0.89 (0.58 to 1.38) | 1.03 (0.64 to 1.65) | 1.05 (0.80 to 1.39) | 1.22 (0.90 to 1.64) | 1.18 (0.58 to 2.42) | 0.97 (0.47 to 2.01) |
| Age† | 1.03 (1.03 to 1.04) | 1.01 (1.01 to 1.02) | 1.04 (1.03 to 1.05) | 1.02 (1.01 to 1.03) | 1.03 (1.03 to 1.03) | 1.01 (1.01 to 1.02) | 0.97 (0.96 to 0.98) | 0.97 (0.96 to 0.99) |
| Emergency use authorisation criteria | ||||||||
| Age >65 | 2.99 (2.67 to 3.35) | 1.44 (1.18 to 1.76) | 3.12 (2.63 to 3.70) | 0.96 (0.69 to 1.33) | 2.57 (2.27 to 2.92) | 1.42 (1.13 to 1.78) | 0.30 (0.19 to 0.48) | 0.63 (0.33 to 1.19) |
| Obesity | 1.57 (1.42 to 1.75) | 1.59 (1.40 to 1.80) | 1.82 (1.51 to 2.18) | 1.77 (1.43 to 2.19) | 1.48 (1.31 to 1.67) | 1.51 (1.31 to 1.73) | 0.62 (0.47 to 0.82) | 0.65 (0.48 to 0.87) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 2.84 (2.54 to 3.17) | 1.46 (1.28 to 1.67) | 4.34 (3.66 to 5.16) | 2.02 (1.64 to 2.47) | 1.90 (1.68 to 2.15) | 1.06 (0.92 to 1.24) | 0.58 (0.41 to 0.83) | 0.68 (0.45 to 1.04) |
| Cardiac disease | 3.66 (3.28 to 4.08) | 1.97 (1.69 to 2.30) | 7.94 (6.12 to 10.31) | 3.44 (2.44 to 4.86) | 2.76 (2.43 to 3.14) | 1.71 (1.43 to 2.04) | 0.64 (0.49 to 0.85) | 1.19 (0.83 to 1.71) |
| Lung disease | 2.42 (2.16 to 2.72) | 1.85 (1.62 to 2.11) | 3.40 (2.86 to 4.04) | 2.29 (1.88 to 2.78) | 1.55 (1.36 to 1.76) | 1.19 (1.03 to 1.38) | 1.21 (0.89 to 1.64) | 1.39 (1.00 to 1.92) |
| System primary care physician | 0.70 (0.63 to 0.77) | 0.51 (0.45 to 0.58) | 0.82 (0.69 to 0.97) | 0.67 (0.55 to 0.82) | 0.69 (0.61 to 0.78) | 0.59 (0.51 to 0.68) | 0.89 (0.67 to 1.17) | 1.14 (0.84 to 1.55) |
*N=5740 (84% of total cohort) included in the final model.
†Per one-unit increase, all other variables in model are categorical.