Various outcome and process measures during the observation phase, intervention phase (PDSA cycles) and sustainability phase during the quality improvement programme
| AUR/1000 patient days | AUR (culture negative)/1000 patient days | AUR of Vancomycin/1000 patient days | Not exposed to antibiotic (%) | Stop antibiotic at 48 hours (culture/screen negative) (%) | Stop antibiotic at 7 days (culture negative/screen positive) (%) | Protocol compliance (starting antibiotics) (%) | Protocol compliance (upgrading antibiotic) (%) | Prolonged use of antibiotics (%) | |
| Baseline | 574 | 451 | 62 | 22 | 16 | 54 | — | — | 28 |
| PDSA 1 | 457 | 314 | 60 | 32 | 53 | 73 | 60 | 54 | 21 |
| PDSA 2 | 431 | 304 | 58 | 33 | 60 | 60 | 74 | 68 | 18 |
| PDSA 3 | 426 | 294 | 50 | 38 | 52 | 58 | 81 | 72 | 16 |
| PDSA 4 | 443 | 380 | 54 | 39.4 | 32 | 36 | 78 | 73 | 23 |
| PDSA 5 | 411 | 372 | 37 | 28 | 48 | 45 | 71 | 65 | 18 |
| Sustainability | 390 | 361 | 44 | 37 | 54 | 58 | 75 | 82 | 20 |
| P value* | 0.001 | 0.015 | 0.03 | 0.045 | 0.000 | 0.084 | 0.047 | 0.007 | 0.038 |
*P value (comparison done between baseline and sustainability phase) <0.05: significant,<0.01: highly significant.
AUR, antibiotic usage rate; PDSA, Plan–Do–Study–Act.