Adverse clinical outcomes, feeding outcomes and kangaroo mother care practices for newborns born by caesarean section and admitted to the NICU pre/post-EENC implementation, Da Nang Hospital for Women and Children, 2013–2015
| Pre-EENC (Nov 2013–Oct 2014), n (%) | Post-EENC (Nov 2014–Oct 2015), n (%) | Relative risk (95% CI) | P value | |
| Live births born by caesarean section—adverse outcomes | N=7928 | N=8999 | ||
| Hypothermia on admission | 399 (5.0) | 331 (3.7) | 0.73 (0.63 to 0.84) | <0.001 |
| Sepsis* | 256 (3.2) | 75 (0.8) | 0.26 (0.20 to 0.33) | <0.001 |
| Confirmed | 36 (0.5) | 31 (0.3) | 0.76 (0.47 to 1.23) | 0.257 |
| Probable | 220 (2.8) | 44 (0.5) | 0.18 (0.13 to 0.24) | <0.001 |
| Asphyxia requiring bag and mask | 99 (1.2) | 111 (1.2) | 0.99 (0.75 to 1.29) | 0.929 |
| Asphyxia requiring Intubation | 27 (0.3) | 38 (0.4) | 1.24 (0.76 to 2.03) | 0.391 |
| Hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy | 10 (0.1) | 13 (0.1) | 1.15 (0.50 to 2.61) | 0.747 |
| Live births born by caesarean section admitted to NICU—feeding outcomes | N=1324 | N=1065 | ||
| Exclusive breast feeding | 610 (46.1) | 914 (85.8) | 1.86 (1.75 to 1.98) | <0.001 |
| Predominant breast feeding | 518 (39.1) | 119 (11.2) | 0.29 (0.24 to 0.34) | <0.001 |
| Mixed breast feeding | 162 (12.2) | 7 (0.6) | 0.05 (0.03 to 0.11) | <0.001 |
| Formula only | 13 (1.0) | 4 (0.4) | 0.38 (0.13 to 1.17) | 0.08 |
| Live births born by caesarean section admitted to NICU <2000 g | N=198 | N=162 | ||
| Receiving kangaroo mother care | 99 (50.0) | 108 (66.7) | 1.33 (1.12 to 1.59) | 0.002 |
*Confirmed and probable sepsis using the NICU case definition (see the Methods section).
EENC, early essential newborn care; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit.