Outcome measure | Baseline Mean (SD) | 12 months Mean (SD) | Mean difference (95% CI) | P value |
Pain NRS (0–10)* | 7.1 (1.6) | 4.2 (1.8) | −2.9 (−3.5 to −2.2) | <0.001 |
ODI (0–100)* | 51.5 (14.5) | 36.4 (17.7) | −15.1 (−20.6 to −9.7) | <0.001 |
EQ-5D (1 to −0.594)† | 0.26 (0.22) | 0.56 (0.22) | 0.30 (0.21 to 0.40) | <0.001 |
EQ-5D VAS (0–100)† | 38.2 (16.2) | 65.4 (18.3) | 27.2 (19.6 to 34.9) | <0.001 |
GAD-7 (0–21)* | 12.4 (6.4) | 5.6 (5.2) | −6.7 (−9.5 to −4.0) | <0.001 |
PHQ-9 (0–27)* | 15.2 (7.0) | 7.4 (5.9) | −7.8 (−10.8 to −4.9) | <0.001 |
Not all participants provided data for each of the variables, the total for each variable is provided.
*Higher NRS, ODI, GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scores indicate poorer outcomes.
†Lower EQ-5D and EQ-5D VAS scores indicate poorer outcomes.
EQ-5D, EuroQol five-Dimension Questionnaire (n=27); GAD-7, Generalised Anxiety Disorder Screener (n=26); NRS, Numerical Rating Scale (n=27); ODI, Oswestry Disability Index (n=27); PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire (n=26); VAS, Visual Analogue Scale (n=27).