Outcome measure changes from baseline to 6 months
| Outcome measure | Baseline Mean (SD) | Six months Mean (SD) | Mean difference (95% CI) | P value |
| Pain NRS (0–10)* | 6.6 (1.8) | 4.4 (2.2) | −2.2 (−2.8 to −1.6) | <0.001 |
| ODI (0–100)* | 45.7 (14.3) | 35.5 (18.3) | −10.2 (−14.1 to −6.3) | <0.001 |
| EQ-5D (1 to −0.594)† | 0.36 (0.25) | 0.56 (0.26) | 0.21 (0.13 to 0.28) | <0.001 |
| EQ-5D VAS (0–100)† | 48.1 (19.4) | 62.0 (23.3) | 14.0 (7.9 to 20.1) | <0.001 |
| GAD-7 (0–21)* | 9.7 (6.2) | 6.3 (6.5) | −3.5 (−5.2 to −1.7) | <0.001 |
| PHQ-9 (0–27)* | 11.9 (7.8) | 7.5 (6.9) | −4.4 (−6.3 to −2.6) | <0.001 |
Not all participants provided data for each of the variables, the total for each variable is provided.
*Higher NRS, ODI, GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scores indicate poorer outcomes.
†Lower EQ-5D and EQ-5D VAS scores indicate poorer outcomes.
EQ-5D, EuroQol five-Dimension Questionnaire (n=51); GAD-7, Generalised Anxiety Disorder Screener (n=49); NRS, Numerical Rating Scale (n=52); ODI, Oswestry Disability Index (n=52); PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire (n=48); VAS, Visual Analogue Scale (n=51).