Outcome measure changes from baseline to discharge
| Outcome measure | Baseline Mean (SD) | Discharge Mean (SD) | Mean difference (95% CI) | P value |
| Pain NRS (0–10)* | 6.9 (1.6) | 5.3 (1.9) | −1.6 (-1.9, to −1.2) | <0.001 |
| ODI (0–100)* | 47.2 (15.2) | 39.1 (15.6) | −8.1 (-9.8, to −6.4) | <0.001 |
| EQ-5D (1 to −0.594)† | 0.38 (0.24) | 0.55 (0.21) | 0.17 (0.13, 0.21) | <0.001 |
| EQ-5D VAS (0–100)† | 49.1 (19.8) | 62.8 (20.2) | 13.7 (9.9, 17.4) | <0.001 |
| GAD-7 (0–21)* | 10.4 (6.3) | 6.1 (5.0) | −4.4 (-5.5, to −3.2) | <0.001 |
| PHQ-9 (0–27)* | 12.8 (7.3) | 6.8 (5.4) | −6.0 (-7.3, to −4.7) | <0.001 |
Not all participants provided data for each of the variables, the total for each variable is provided.
*Higher NRS, ODI, GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scores indicate poorer outcomes.
†Lower EQ-5D and EQ-5D VAS scores indicate poorer outcomes.
EQ-5D, EuroQol five-Dimension Questionnaire (n=96); GAD-7, Generalised Anxiety Disorder Screener (n=92); NRS, Numerical Rating Scale (n=96); ODI, Oswestry Disability Index (n=95); PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire (n=89); VAS, Visual Analogue Scale (n=96).