Demographics and outcomes pre-intervention and post- intervention
| Demographic/outcome | Pre-intervention, n=24 n (%) or mean (range) | Post-intervention, n=12 n (%) or mean (range) | P value |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 38.7 (35–42.3) | 38.5 (36–42.3) | 0.78 |
| Birth weight (grams) | 3081.5 (2300.0–4027.0) | 3102.2 (2540.0–3785.0) | 0.87 |
| Male sex | 20 (83.3) | 6 (50.0) | 0.04* |
| Public insurance | 24 (100.0) | 12 (100.0) | n/a |
| Admit from home/ED | 1 (4.2) | 2 (16.7) | 0.20 |
| DOL at admission (days) | 6.8 (0–33) | 8.6 (1–30) | 0.56 |
| Admitted on pharmacotherapy | 15 (62.5) | 8 (66.7) | 0.81 |
| Non-NAS referral reason† | 11 (45.8) | 7 (58.3) | 0.48 |
| Infant race/ethnicity‡ | 0.76 | ||
| Black or African American | 11 (45.8) | 5 (41.7) | |
| White or Caucasian | 10 (41.7) | 6 (50.0) | |
| Asian | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Other | 5 (20.8) | 1 (8.3) | |
| Hispanic or Latino ethnicity§ | 4 (16.7) | 1 (8.3) | |
| Maternal MAT at infant admission‡ | 18 (75.0) | 5 (41.7) | 0.05 |
| Black or African American | 9/11 (81.8) | 1/5 (20.0) | |
| White or Caucasian | 7/10 (70.0) | 3/6 (50.0) | |
| Other | 4/5 (80) | 1/1 (100.0) | |
| Hispanic or Latino ethnicity§ | 4/4 (100) | 1/1 (100.0) | |
| Home with a biological parent‡ | 11 (45.8) | 3 (25.0) | 0.23 |
| Black or African American | 3/11 (27.3) | 0/5 (0.0) | |
| White or Caucasian | 5/10 (50.0) | 2/6 (33.0) | |
| Other | 3/5 (60.0) | 1/1 (100.0) | |
| Hispanic or Latino ethnicity§ | 2/4 (50.0) | 1/1 (100.0) | |
| Discharged on any breast milk | 6 (25.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.06 |
| Length of stay (days) | 31.8 (3–56) | 10.5 (2–19) | <0.0001* |
| Pharmacotherapy exposure (days) | 28.7 (0–53) | 5.5 (0–14) | <0.0001* |
| Morphine exposure (days) | 25.0 (0–49) | 1.4 (0–6) | <0.0001* |
| Clonidine exposure (days) | 15.1 (0–53) | 4.6 (0–14) | 0.01* |
| Did not require pharmacotherapy | 2 (8.3) | 5 (41.7) | 0.02* |
| Discharged on pharmacotherapy | 2 (8.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.30 |
| Seizure | 0 | 0 | n/a |
| Readmitted within 30 days (any reason) | 0 | 1 (8.3) | 0.15 |
| Readmitted within 30 days due to NAS | 0 | 0 | n/a |
*P<0.05 indicates statistical significance.
†Referral reasons included: dysmorphic features (n=1), respiratory distress (n=3), pneumothorax (n=1), congenital infection (n=4), hypoglycaemia (n=1), haematochezia (n=2), pyloric stenosis (n=1), bilious emesis (n=3), ankyloblepharon (n=1), cleft lip/palate (n = 1) and supraventricular tachycardia (n=1).
‡May include more than one race/ethnicity.
§Any race.
DOL, day of life; ED, emergency department; MAT, medication-assisted treatment; n/a, not applicable; NAS, neonatal abstinence syndrome.