WHO checklist observation results
| Baseline | 6 months | 12 months | P values* | |
| Number of cases | 10 | 35 | 32 | |
| Average length of surgery (hour:min) | 01:22 (00:50) | 00:58 (00:58) | 00:40 (00:48) | 0.170 |
| Range | 00:17–02:25 | 00:04–03:47 | 00:05–03:29 | |
| Core members present | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 5.4 (2.5) | 5.6 (2.0) | 6.3 (1.8) | 0.821 |
| Range | 4–12 | 2–11 | 4–10 | |
| Sign-in | ||||
| Number present | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 4.9 (0.99) | 4.9 (1.6) | 1.8 (1.6) | <0.001 |
| Range | 3–6 | 2–8 | 0–7 | |
| Number initiated | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 1.5 (0.5) | 1.1 (0.2) | 1.0 (0.3) | 0.343 |
| Range | 1–2 | 1–2 | 0–2 | |
| Number participated | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 3.7 (0.82) | 3.7 (0.83) | 1.2 (0.5) | <0.001 |
| Range | 3–5 | 2–5 | 0–3 | |
| Components completed (0–21) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 17.3 (1.7) | 19.5 (1.1) | 15.7 (4.2) | <0.001† |
| Range | 15–19 | 17–21 | 3–20 | |
| Percentage of sign-in completed (0–100) | 82.4 (8.1) | 93.1 (5.1) | 74.7 (20.2) | <0.001 |
| Average length of sign-in (min) | 0:15 | 0:17 | 0:02 | |
| Range | 00:06-00:33 | 00:05-00:35 | 00:00-00:20 | |
| Time-out | ||||
| Number present | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 9.1 (1.4) | 7.3 (2.0) | 6.0 (2.3) | 0.024 |
| Range | 7–11 | 3–10 | 2–10 | |
| Number initiated | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 1.3 (0.5) | 4.3 (1.1) | 1.5 (0.8) | 0.002 |
| Range | 1–2 | 2–6 | 1–4 | |
| Number participated | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 4.6 (0.5) | 4.3 (1.1) | 3.0 (1.1) | <0.001 |
| Range | 4–5 | 2–6 | 1–5 | |
| Components completed (0–16) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 11.1 (1.1) | 12.8 (1.6) | 12.7 (1.3) | 0.691‡ |
| Range | 9–13 | 10–16 | 10–15 | |
| Percentage of time-out completed (0–100) | 69.4 (6.9) | 80.2 (9.8) | 79.3 (8.2) | 0.691 |
| Average length of time-out (min) | 00:01 | 00:01 | 00:01 | |
| Range | 00:01–00:02 | 00:01–00:04 | 00:01–00:01 | |
| Sign-out | ||||
| Number present | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 0 | 5.7 (2.9) | 5.4 (2.4) | 0.547 |
| Range | 0 | 0–9 | 1–10 | |
| Number initiated | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 0 | 0.9 (0.4) | 1.2 (0.5) | 0.011 |
| Range | 0 | 0–2 | 1–3 | |
| Number participated | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 0 | 2.9 (1.6) | 2.5 (1.1) | 0.261 |
| Range | 0 | 0–6 | 1–5 | |
| Components completed (0–12) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 0 | 9.5 (3.7) | 11.3 (1.0) | 0.007§ |
| Range | 0 | 1–12 | 8–12 | |
| Percentage of sign-out completed (0–100) | 0 | 79.3 (30.7) | 94.5 (8.1) | 0.007 |
| Average length of sign-out (min) | 00:00 | 00:00 | 00:00 | |
| Range | 00:00–00:00 | 00:00–00:02 | 00:00–00:02 |
Independent t-test for compliance. Significant p values in bold text.
*P values represent independent t-tests, comparing baseline 6 months after implementation and 12 months after implementation mean differences.
†Sign-in t=5.0 (65), p<0.001, mean difference=3.9 (0.7), 95% CI 2.4 to 5.3.
‡Time-out t=0.4 (65), p=0.691, mean difference=0.1 (0.4), 95% CI −0.6 to −0.8.
§Sign-out t=−2.7 (65), p=0.007, mean difference=−1.8 (0.7), 95% CI −3.2 to −0.5.