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Introduction
Lung transplant is a potential life-lengthening option for individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) and advanced lung disease. However, referral for transplant evaluation is not made for the majority of patients with CF with low lung function who die each year.1 Recently published consensus guidelines from the CF Foundation identify early transplant discussion as a critical approach to optimise access to this treatment option.2 This quality improvement (QI) intervention sought to improve education of patients with CF regarding transplant by increasing the frequency of outpatient CF clinic visits in which transplant is discussed with patients with low lung function.
Methods
The setting for the QI initiative was the paediatric CF Centre at Massachusetts General Hospital. Strategies included: (1) Assembly of a multidisciplinary QI team including nursing, social work, CF providers and a transplant physician, (2) Analysis of the baseline frequency of transplant discussion between CF providers and patients with low lung function (eg, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) ≤50%-predicted), (3) Process mapping steps to lung transplant discussion during clinic visits, (4) Survey of CF providers (n=3) to identify specific barriers to discussion in patients with low lung function, (5) Survey of patients with CF (n=6) regarding optimal timing for initial discussion, (6) Brainstorming of potential interventions using a priority pay-off matrix, (7) Creation of a web-based intervention and patient education material, and (8) Postintervention data collection and analysis using standard statistics and QI methodology.
The project was undertaken as a QI initiative and was not formally supervised by the institutional review board of Mass General Brigham per their policies. Patients were involved in project design through individual interview and survey which guided the intervention.
Baseline data revealed 17 patients with CF with an FEV1 ≤50%-predicted, with a mean (SD) age of 30±12 years (this paediatric centre also follows adults), 53% male, 94% white/non-Hispanic and mean (SD) of 4±2 CF clinic visits per year. Transplant was discussed and documented during 6% of clinic visits with this population during routine outpatient CF care over the prior year (figure 1).
Statistical process control chart demonstrating the change over time in the frequency of lung transplant discussion between cystic fibrosis (CF) providers and patients with low lung function (dark blue line). The baseline mean is shown in light blue. The red line shows the upper control limit (UCL) which is 3 SD above the mean. The timing of the first and second interventions are shown with light blue arrows. The timing of the availability of a new CFTR modulator therapy (Elexacaftor-Tezacaftor-Ivacaftor) is shown with a yellow arrow. Baseline data are connected to postintervention data with a dotted line. The goal mean is shown in green. FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s.
Barriers to transplant discussion identified by CF providers from a prespecified list included: patient stability (25%), concern for poor candidacy (25%), concern for eliciting patient anxiety (17%) and lack of time during visits with more active issues to discuss (8%). Conversely, from the perspective of patients with CF, a majority (67%) of individuals with CF (or their caregivers) stated they think about whether they will someday need a transplant and wanted to discuss transplant as a treatment option with their CF provider during a routine clinic visit, regardless of lung function.
From these diagnostic data, a specific aim was generated to increase the percentage of outpatient CF clinic visits in which transplant is discussed and documented with patients with low lung function (eg, FEV1 ≤50%-predicted) from the baseline mean of 6% to 25% over 3 months. This aim was validated externally with the CF Foundation clinical care guidelines which state that individuals with CF should be seen at their CF centre quarterly,3 and transplant should be discussed annually after a patient’s FEV1 falls below 50%-predicted.2
Following intervention brainstorming, our multidisciplinary team developed a video-based educational tool addressing frequently asked questions about lung transplant in CF, as well as a list of medical tests commonly performed during transplant evaluation with plain-language explanations. Both resources were posted to our centre’s website. Web content was reviewed with CF providers and providers were encouraged to use these resources with their patients during routine visits. The frequency of transplant discussion during outpatient visits was prospectively evaluated.
Results
Over the 3-month interval from mid-June to mid-September 2019, the frequency of transplant discussion increased from a baseline mean of 6% to 13% (figure 1).
Two additional systems-based changes were then implemented: reminders and triggers for transplant discussion. The reminder consisted of posters placed in exam rooms encouraging patients to ask questions about transplant during their visit. The trigger consisted of identifying pulmonary function tests if the patient’s FEV1 recorded ≤50%-predicted at the start of the visit so the provider would be notified. After the first month, the frequency of transplant discussion increased to a high of 17%.
Discussion
Previous studies have identified significant CF provider-level4 5 and patient-level6 barriers to transplant referral for individuals with CF. This QI effort focused on the penultimate step of transplant discussion between CF providers and patients, specifically promoting patient education to medically and psychologically prepare patients for potential referral. Given the majority of CF providers use FEV1 to guide referral to a lung transplant programme4 5 and CF Foundation guidelines use specific lung function thresholds for recommendations on the timing of transplant discussion and referral,2 we mirrored these recommendations using FEV1 ≤50%-predicted as the threshold to initiate transplant discussion in our study.
The frequency of transplant discussion increased between CF providers and patients with low lung function using self-generated, patient education material and systems-based reminders in clinic. Our first intervention employed the change concept of giving individuals (providers) access to information,7 allowing the foundation for the second intervention with reminders and triggers. Initially this sequential approach proved effective; however notably, a highly effective CF-specific therapy, Elexacaftor-Tezacaftor-Ivacaftor,8 became available for the majority of patients followed in our CF programme in the latter half of the second intervention. As a result, providers prioritised the initiation of this promising new therapy over transplant discussion.
Although significant medical advances in CF care have taken place over the last few years with the advent of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators including Elexacaftor-Tezacaftor-Ivacaftor,8–10 many individuals with CF on CFTR modulator therapy continue to exhibit a decline in lung function over time, although at a slower rate.11 Additionally, roughly 10% of the CF population does not have qualifying mutations for CFTR modulator therapy, underscoring the importance of continued early lung transplant discussion in the CF care setting.
Conclusion
Early lung transplant discussion remains critical for individuals with CF and advanced lung disease. Systems-based reminders and triggers may improve the frequency of transplant discussion in CF clinic however, emerging therapies and their promise disrupted this important discussion and new efforts will be needed for the CF community.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the multidisciplinary CF Care Team at Massachusetts General Hospital for their involvement in this QI intervention. The authors specifically thank Dr Allen Lapey for his mentorship in CF care and collaboration with this project. The authors also thank Dr Henry Dorkin of Boston Children’s Hospital. The authors also thank the faculty of the Partners’ Clinical Process Improvement Leadership Program (CPIP) for their instruction and coaching in QI methodology.
Footnotes
Presented at This study was previously presented as an abstract at the 2019 North American Cystic Fibrosis Conference.
Contributors BLB and ASJ planned the study, while IPN, BMC and LMY provided feedback and expert knowledge in CF care (IPN, LMY), lung transplantation (IPN), and quality improvement methodology (BMC). BLB and ASJ performed the data collection. BLB analysed the data and prepared the first draft of the manuscript. The manuscript was critically reviewed and approved by all authors.
Funding Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, Clinical Fellowship Grant (BARTLE19D0). This funding supported the clinical and research fellowship position of BB.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research. Refer to the Methods section for further details.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data availability statement Data are available upon request.