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Introduction
Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) (or enhanced recovery or fast-track) protocols for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) can be considered a quality improvement (QI) intervention, that is, their implementation may be defined as a purposeful effort to improve care processes that will result in improved patient outcomes.1 ERAS protocols are a multimodal approach that improves the quality of patient care, including reducing length of stay (LOS) for TKA.2 ERAS protocols seek to optimise the perioperative pathway by using and combining techniques such as minimally invasive surgery, regional anaesthetic techniques, multimodal opioid sparing pain management and early mobilisation. ERAS protocols have been detailed and include procedure-specific guidelines for TKA.3
This report evaluates efforts to improve an ERAS pathway for patients with TKA at a National Health Service district general hospital, where ERAS had previously been implemented.4 Within the hospital, there was a desire to further reduce LOS. Local audit data were interpreted, and it was proposed that factors related to the anaesthetic (such as pain, motor block, symptoms of orthostatic intolerance) were delaying discharge. The anaesthetic protocol was changed five times in an attempt to reduce LOS and this process is retrospectively evaluated in this report. The stimulus to reflect on past improvement efforts was prompted in order to guide successful future QI efforts.
Methods
This is a retrospective service evaluation of routinely collected data from the hospital’s administrative and clinical record systems and in accordance with the Health Research Authority Decision tool (http://www.hra-decisiontools.org.uk), ethical approval was not required. A total of 652 patients undergoing TKA were evaluated between September 2008 and March 2015. Within this time, the type of anaesthetic was changed by the clinical team five times, in consecutive change cycles.
Each patient received the same standardised postoperative prescription including regular paracetamol, oxycontin, non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, omeprazole, ondansetron, Mg(OH)2, senna and as needed oramorph. In phase 1, the standard of care at that time was a regime of a spinal anaesthetic including intrathecal opiate (ITO) with a femoral nerve block (FNB) and a sciatic nerve block. In phase 2, a spinal anaesthetic with ITO, an FNB and local incision anaesthesia (LIA) were used; in phase 3, a spinal anaesthetic with ITO and LIA was used; in phase 4, a spinal anaesthetic with ITO, LIA and gabapentin were used and in phase 5, a spinal anaesthetic with ITO, LIA, gabapentin and an adductor canal block were used. No other elements of the pathway, including the physiotherapy and mobilisation protocol, were changed, and these have been previously described.4
The outcome measures evaluated were LOS (days), time until first walk (hours), pain on movement (10 point Visual Analogue Scale where 0 equated to ‘no pain’ and 10 equated to the ‘worst pain a patient could imagine’) and oramorph consumption before 1300 on the first postoperative day.
Results
A total of 652 patients were included and outcomes for each phase are presented in table 1. There was no difference in median LOS (the primary outcome measure) across the five phases. (figure 1). The results of the secondary outcome measures are presented descriptively in table 1.
Impact of anaesthetic technique on LOS, pain on movement, time to first walk and oramorph consumption.
Incremental percentage discharge of patients by day for each of the different anaesthetic techniques.
Discussion
Optimising anaesthetic technique is a key factor to facilitate early mobilisation and therefore reduce LOS following TKA.5 The aim of the team’s improvement effort was therefore well directed. However, despite the team’s endeavour, LOS failed to improve across the different techniques. There were some minor variations in the secondary outcome measures with each phase, which were not felt to be clinically significant or an indication that any of the changes should be reversed. Given that this was a rolling service evaluation and not research, and no clinically significant differences were judged to have been observed, a statistical analysis examining the difference in secondary outcome measures was not completed. In regards to the choice of anaesthetic, it is acknowledged that the evidence base for TKA is hard to interpret, however, in many centres, patients are discharged within 0–2 days and these anaesthetic protocols are available to replicate.6
When considering the success of this QI effort, the choice of anaesthetic technique is obviously important. However not considering the role of other contributing factors to delayed mobilisation is also significant. Patient (eg, expectation), organisation (eg, limited staff and time constraints) and cultural (eg, lack of staff ‘buy in’) factors have all been previously highlighted as barriers to early mobilisation7 but were not considered in this project. This highlights the challenge for individual professional groups to improve care on their own within a multidisciplinary pathway, and that more objective and exhaustive methods to identify barriers to discharge should be used.8 To move towards the goal of a ‘pain and risk-free surgery’, clinical evidence of individual techniques must be combined with a whole clinical microsystem QI effort in order to do ‘the right things in the right way’.9
Conclusion
In this retrospective service evaluation, the type of anaesthetic was changed by the clinical team five times in consecutive change cycles. The aim was to reduce LOS, however, median LOS remained unchanged across all phases. Teams focused on QI efforts that seek to improve outcomes of multimodal ERAS pathways need to remember that outcomes are influenced by many inter-relating factors. To improve outcomes in a dynamic system, across multiple stakeholders, a whole clinical microsystem approach is needed. The future use of a specific QI method is recommended, so that the transition from a will to improve, to an understanding of how to improve can be made.
Footnotes
Twitter @twwainwright
Contributors TWW conceived and drafted the manuscript. JC was responsible for data collection and analysis. Both authors edited and revised the final manuscript.
Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.