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Introduction
Ensuring patient–physician continuity in an academic internal medicine resident clinic is essential in providing a longitudinal clinic experience as required by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education(ACGME).1 Efforts to improve continuity in longitudinal clinics are important to patients and physicians and improve patient outcomes.2 Concern for declining patient continuity identified by subjective patient and resident complaints prompted investigating enterprise metrics to better understand continuity within resident clinics. These metrics, as well as ACGME requirements for longitudinal continuity clinic, drove improvement efforts to increase continuity. Our aim was to increase patient continuity in all resident clinics to ≥75% in 4 months.
Methods
The 69 categorical residents and 10 internal medicine-psychiatry residents at The University of Kansas Internal Medicine Residency Programme rotate on a 3+1 week block scheduling system for inpatient and ambulatory care. During their ambulatory week, 18–20 residents have four half-days dedicated to seeing patients in their longitudinal clinic. To improve patient continuity, a multidisciplinary team formulated a stepwise, monitored, series of schedule template changes implemented in two Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles (table 1).
PDSA cycle interventions
The multidisciplinary team included programme leadership, practice manager, chief residents, residents, scheduling supervisor and support operations manager. PDSA 1 restructured all resident templates to remove unscheduled NEW patient timeslots for 2.75 months. PDSA 2 was a multipronged approach in which NEW slots were returned based on enterprise dashboard access metrics.
Patient continuity was defined as the percentage of clinic visits a patient completes with their assigned resident physician over a defined time period. Continuity reports were generated monthly for 5 months starting 1 month prior to any interventions to establish baseline continuity. The number of days between a patient’s request for a return appointment and the third next available appointment, or ‘time to third return’, was tracked weekly for each resident and used to adjust the number of NEW patient slots as outlined in table 1. Using time to third return, instead of next return, accounted for cancellations that would falsely elevate a resident’s availability.
The study was conducted as a quality improvement project and was exempt from institutional review board review by The University of Kansas Medical Center Human Subjects Committee. Patients and the public were not involved in the design or implementation of this project.
Results
Preintervention patient continuity was 69.7%. Two and three-quarter months following PDSA cycle 1, continuity decreased to 68.7%. One month following PDSA cycle 2 effect, which was the end of our 4-month aim, resident continuity increased to 77.9% (figure 1). One year following our intervention, continuity was 74.5%. The mean resident time to third return for the month prior to any interventions was 64.4 days. Following interventions, the mean decreased to 45.5 days during the final week of study.
Effect of PDSA cycles on patient continuity by month.
Discussion
Increasing patient continuity to ≥75% in a resident primary care clinic was able to be achieved by utilising a multidisciplinary team to implement a series of schedule template changes. A high ratio of NEW to RET slots and intermittent resident availability created by x+y scheduling were key barriers to improve continuity. The effectiveness of the interventions is likely due to increasing patient access to their resident physician by decreasing resident time to third return with the graded removal of NEW patient slots. Because continuity remained nearly ≥75%, 1 year following project completion, it suggests the interventions are self-sustainable and not affected by changes in resident turnover.
PDSA cycle 1 did not increase continuity, likely because the number of scheduled NEW slots was already high and these appointments were not cancelled. The decline in continuity following PDSA cycle 1 is thought due to a seasonal increase of acute care visits with patients forgoing continuity for quicker access.
With a national trend towards x+y block scheduling in residency programmes,3 the external validity of this study is strong and could be reproducible in similarly structured programmes. This study intervention is especially important when several studies showed the opposite—that patient continuity decreased with x+y block scheduling.4 5 While the aim of this study was met, the 4-month intervention period cannot account for seasonal trends that may affect patient continuity. Other limitations include not being able to extrapolate results to the traditional half-day clinic per week model and not knowing the intervention’s impact on physician continuity, no-show rate, cancellation rate, slot utilisation and time to third new appointment. Future studies are needed to evaluate these metrics.
Footnotes
Contributors BQ planned the study, analysed data and wrote the manuscript. EA assisted with literature review and manuscript editing. BR and JQ planned and implemented the study. WR abstracted data. JB planned and supervised the study, analysed data and edited manuscript.
Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting or dissemination plans of this research.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Ethics approval The study was conducted as a quality improvement project and was exempt from IRB review by the University of Kansas Medical Center Human Subjects Committee.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data availability statement All data relevant to the study are included in the article.