Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-xtgtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-17T20:22:23.484Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Variability in the Hawthorne Effect With Regard to Hand Hygiene Performance in High- and Low-Performing Inpatient Care Units

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

Erol Kohli ,
Judy Ptak ,
Randall Smith ,
Eileen Taylor ,
Elizabeth A. Talbot  and
Kathryn B. Kirldand
Erol Kohli
Affiliation:
Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, New Hampshire
Judy Ptak
Affiliation:
Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
Randall Smith
Affiliation:
Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
Eileen Taylor
Affiliation:
Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
Elizabeth A. Talbot
Affiliation:
Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
Kathryn B. Kirldand*
Affiliation:
Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, New Hampshire Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
*
Section of Infectious Disease and International Health, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756 (Kathryn.Kirkland@dartmouth.edu)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Objective.

To determine the impact of known observers on hand hygiene performance in inpatient care units with differing baseline levels of hand hygiene compliance.

Design.

Observational study.

Setting.

Three inpatient care units, selected on the basis of past hand hygiene performance, in a hospital where hand hygiene observation and feedback are routine.

Participants.

Three infection control practitioners (ICPs) and a student intern observed hospital staff.

Methods.

Beginning in late 2005, the 3 ICPs, who were well known to the hospital staff, performed frequent, regular observations of hand hygiene in all 3 inpatient care units of the hospital, as part of routine surveillance. During the study period (January-May 2007), a student intern who was unknown to the hospital staff also performed observations of hand hygiene in the 3 inpatient care units. The rates of hand hygiene compliance observed by the 3 ICPs were compared with those observed by the student intern.

Results.

The 3 ICPs observed 332 opportunities for hand hygiene during 15 observation periods, and the student intern observed 355 opportunities during 19 observation periods. The overall rate of hand hygiene compliance observed by the ICPs was 65% (ie, in 215 of the 332 opportunities, the performance of proper hand hygiene by hospital staff was observed), and the overall rate of hand hygiene compliance observed by the student intern was 58% (ie, in 207 of the 355 opportunities, the performance of proper hand hygiene by hospital staff was observed) (P = .1). Both the ICPs and the student intern were able to distinguish between inpatient care units with a high rate of hand hygiene compliance (hereafter referred to as high-performing units) and those with a low rate (hereafter referred to as low-performing units). However, in the 2 high-performing units, the ICPs observed significantly higher compliance rates than did the student intern, whereas in the low-performing unit, both the ICPs and the student intern measured similarly low rates of hand hygiene compliance.

Conclusions.

Recognized observers are associated with higher rates of hand hygiene compliance, even in a healthcare setting where such observations have become routine. This effect (ie, the Hawthorne effect) is more pronounced in high-performing units and insignificant in low-performing units. The use of unrecognized observers may be important for verifying high performance but is probably unnecessary for documenting poor performance. Moreover, the Hawthorne effect may be a useful tool for sustaining and improving hand hygiene compliance.

Type
Original Articles
Information
Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology , Volume 30 , Issue 3 , March 2009 , pp. 222 - 225
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Holden, JD. Hawthorne effects and research into professional practice. J Eval Clin Pract 2001;7:65–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2.Pittet, D, Simon, A, Hugonnet, S, Pessoa-Silva, CL, Sauvan, V, Perneger, TV. Hand hygiene among physicians: performance, beliefs, and perceptions. Ann Intern Med 2004;141:1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3.Eckmanns, T, Besser, J, Behnke, M, Gastmeier, P, Rüden, H. Compliance with antiseptic hand rub use in intensive care units: the Hawthorne effect. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006;27:931–934.Google Scholar
4.Gould, DJ, Chudleigh, JA, Dray, N, Moralejo, D. Measuring handwashing performance in health service audits and research studies. J Hosp Infect 2007;66:109–115.Google Scholar
5.Pittet, D. Promotion of hand hygiene: magic, hype, or scientific challenge? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23:118–119.Google Scholar
6.Bittner, MJ, Rich, EC, Turner, PD, Arnold, WH Jr. Limited impact of sustained simple feedback based on soap and paper towel consumption on the frequency of hand washing in an adult intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23:120–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7.Harbarth, S, Pittet, D, Grady, L, et al.Interventional study to evaluate the impact of an alcohol-based hand gel in improving hand hygiene compliance. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002;21:489–495.Google Scholar
8.Boyce, JM, Pittet, D; Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee; HICPAC/SHEAM.PIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings. Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee; HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America/Association for Professionals in Infection Control/Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep 2002;51(RR-16):1–45.Google Scholar