ArticleEffects of handwashing agent, handwashing frequency, and clinical area on hand flora
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Contact Precautions and Hand Hygiene in Veterinary Clinics
2015, Veterinary Clinics of North America - Small Animal PracticeNew method for assessing hand disinfection shows that pre-operative alcohol/chlorhexidine rub is as effective as a traditional surgical scrub
2014, Journal of Hospital InfectionCitation Excerpt :As only two dilutions were performed, a true number was not derived if the count was more than 300,000/mL (5.477log10), which may have altered mean values. The baseline counts were in the range of previous work performed in healthcare workers,14 and were acceptable in terms of minimum number for both the US and European guidelines; however, they were slightly lower than results published by Rotter, Mulberry et al. and Kampf et al.2,8,9 The results of this study were compared with those from existing studies involving similar products in order to validate the McKenzie method.
Formulation technology as a key component in improving hand hygiene practices
2006, American Journal of Infection ControlCitation Excerpt :This damage to skin can result in a change in both the numbers and types of bacteria present. Skin damaged by high-frequency handwashing has been shown to harbor increased levels of organisms.19,35,40-43 Flora can shift from gram-positive bacteria to higher levels of gram-negative bacteria.44
Evidence-based model for hand transmission during patient care and the role of improved practices
2006, Lancet Infectious DiseasesCitation Excerpt :Caregivers who had contact only with surfaces contaminated with the infants' secretions also acquired RSV; thus, health-care workers contaminated their hands with RSV and inoculated their oral or conjunctival mucosa. Additional studies have documented contamination of health-care workers' hands with potential pathogens, but did not relate their findings to the specific type of preceding patient contact.40–48 In studies done before glove use was common among health-care workers, Ayliffe and colleagues46 found that 15% of nurses working in an isolation unit carried a median of 104 CFU of S aureus on their hands.
Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings: Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force
2002, American Journal of Infection ControlCitation Excerpt :Normal human skin is colonized with bacteria; different areas of the body have varied total aerobic bacterial counts (e.g., 1 × 106 colony forming units (CFUs)/cm2 on the scalp, 5 × 105 CFUs/cm2 in the axilla, 4 × 104 CFUs/cm2 on the abdomen, and 1 × 104 CFUs/cm2 on the forearm).13 Total bacterial counts on the hands of medical personnel have ranged from 3.9 × 104 to 4.6 × 106.14-17 In 1938, bacteria recovered from the hands were divided into two categories: transient and resident.14
Risk assessment of hand washing efficacy using literature and experimental data
2002, International Journal of Food Microbiology