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Abstract
Health system improvement (HSI) is focused on systematic changes to organisational processes and practices to improve the efficient delivery of safe care and quality outcomes. Guidelines that specify how interprofessional teams conduct HSI and knowledge translation are needed. We address this urgent requirement providing health professional teams with resources and strategies to investigate, analyse and implement system-level improvements. HSI encompasses similar, yet different, inter-related activities across a continuum. The continuum spans three categories of activities, such as quality improvement, health management research and translational health management research. A HSI decision making guide and checklist, comprising six-steps, is presented that can be used to select and plan projects. This resource comprises six interconnected steps including, defining the activity, project outcome, aim, use of evidence, appropriate methodology and implementation plan. Each step has been developed focusing on an objective, actions and resources. HSI activities provide a foundation for interprofessional collaboration, allowing multiple professions to create, share and disseminate knowledge for improved healthcare. When planned and executed well, HSI projects assist clinical and corporate staff to make evidence-informed decisions and directions for the benefit of the service, organisation and sector.
- Quality improvement methodologies
- Health services research
- Evaluation methodology
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Introduction
Health system improvement (HSI) in an organisation requires attention to the quadruple aim; that is, the cost of care balanced with enhanced positive patient care experience and staff experience of delivering care, and beneficial health outcomes.1 The use of evidence to make system-based decisions achieves HSI, bridges the gap between theory and practice, and leads to improvement in interprofessional practices, management and organisational performance.2 Consequently, evidence-based healthcare, or evidenced-informed decision making, is increasingly promoted as a strategy to assist clinicians and managers overcome system complexities.3 For clinical and corporate leaders aiming to conduct evidence-informed decision making, the first task is knowing where to begin. Understanding how information is accessed, and knowledge can be compiled, is essential to the process of translating evidence into practice. In healthcare organisations, an interprofessional approach to HSI requires representation from clinical, including medical, nursing and allied health disciplines, and corporate professionals, including executive, management and administration staff. Collaboration across professions, positions and levels ensures that clinical and operational aspects of improvement activities are simultaneously incorporated in their design, implementation and evaluation phases.4 5
Some health professionals hold the concern that the report of quality improvement (QI) initiatives can be very inward focused, without adequately revealing the contextual and process factors that enabled the improvement.6 Conversely, some research projects are experienced by health professionals as problematic. Rapport et al state that they are not sufficiently grounded in implementation science theory with a shared understanding of terms and their meaning, leading to results that are not translatable into practice.7 Finding ways of converting the insights from improvement initiatives into tangible, implementable solutions, with local, organisational and broad industry application, is critical for efficacy. When planned and executed well, HSI assists clinicians and managers to make evidence-informed decisions and directions for the benefit of the service, organisation and sector. HSI activities provide a foundation for interprofessional collaboration, allowing multiple professions to create, share and disseminate knowledge for improved healthcare.8 By providing a common platform, siloed approaches to health issues may be overcome through ‘intentional collaboration across the domains of research, clinical practice, community and policy’.1 9
While there are models, theories and frameworks for translating health management research (HMR), such as the health belief model,10 11 social cognitive theory12 13 and the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research,14 15 advice or directions for using them in practice is lacking. Additionally, there is a dearth of information on how they can be applied to organisation and system-level translation.16 Guidelines that specify how interprofessional teams can conduct system-level translation are needed to meet this gap. Addressing this need is one contribution towards providing health professional teams with resources and strategies to investigate, analyse and implement HSI. We do so by explaining the HSI continuum, the constituent parts, and then detailing a six-step process to operationalise projects.
The HSI continuum
To develop and refine the HSI continuum the research team adapted the Delphi group discussion process defined by Nasa et al; the purpose being to ‘increase the qualitative strength of recommendations or consensus’. (p118)17 The panel (team) size and discussion process was tailored to suit the complexity of the problem, the homogeneity of the panel, and project resources.17 The team was omposed of six members with clinical/ managerial, teaching and research experience and expertise in the health improvement and management fields. The team collectively has 45 and 89 years of clinical/managerial and educational experience, respectively; additionally, they have undertaken 450 HSI research projects. Following the advice of Nasa et al, consensus was achieved through an iterative process involving eight face-to-face discussion rounds across a 12-month period, allowing for debate, reconsideration and consultation with other colleagues, and then controlled feedback/discussion leading to agreement.17
HSI is focused on systematic changes to organisational processes and practices to improve the efficient delivery of safety and quality outcomes. HSI is an approach that encompasses similar, yet different, inter-related activities across a continuum. The continuum spans three overlapping categories of activities—QI, (HMR and translational HMR (THMR) (table 1). The distinct differences across the activities are the application and evaluation of ‘applied practices’ in QI projects, to ‘evidence-based practices’ of HMR and then the ‘translational’ emphasis of THMR studies.18 Analysis and explanation of the similarities and differences between QI, HMR and THMR can be used to determine the appropriate focus for a new project. Although health professionals services might be limited in their choice between QI, HMR and THMR, understanding the differences and similarities between the three activities will help them take appropriate approach for HSI. The three activities should be also lived as a continuum, with the understanding that there is a shared foundation of implementing and evaluating changes for system improvement.
Health system improvement continuum
Healthcare QI
Healthcare QI is defined as an activity that is implemented in a service that evaluates the effectiveness, impact or success of an intervention, aiming to change how care is routinely delivered or structured.19 Typically, a QI project: aims to assess the ‘lessons learnt from changes in practices’; does not necessitate ethical approval; reviews limited, if any, academic literature to ground the work; has a short time frame; and, results in an immediate understanding of improvements to patient outcomes for a particular setting and population.20
HMR and THMR
HMR and THMR projects: require ethical review—to assess the investigation benefits against any risk to patient safety or staff well-being; review academic literature and industry reports, to identify the proposed contribution to the evidence base; are complex studies using multiple methods, over extended time periods and can test hypothesis or a framework; and, result in outcomes generalisable within similar contexts or populations.21 HMR and THMR projects are often multidisciplinary research studies designed to examine strategic and operational planning, team functioning and decision-making processes, and organisational effectiveness. These complex, interprofessional projects investigate multiple parts of an organisation, across both corporate and clinical service areas. Investigations address system-level topics such as value-based healthcare,22 23 accreditation,24 policy25 and more recently, pandemic management.26
THMR extends HMR though explicitly adding a ‘translation’ dimension to the research activity. Knowledge translation, as defined by leaders in Canada and used by WHO, is ‘a dynamic and iterative process that includes the synthesis, dissemination, exchange and ethically sound application of knowledge to improve health, provide more effective health services and products, and strengthen the healthcare system’.(p165)27 THMR explicitly promotes further interprofessional collaboration through organisational and academic-researcher representatives working together in all phases of a study.7 28 Undertaking THMR leads to integrated, well conceptualised and carefully implemented projects that use complementary skills and knowledge of researchers, managers and clinicians.28 Successful knowledge translation is dependent on situation, context and the expertise29 of those attempting to ‘translate’ the knowledge. Projects typically evaluate the uptake of the implemented intervention, including determining which interventions were successful, in which setting, for whom and why. Collaborative interprofessional research with knowledge users increases the likelihood that the research evidence generated will be applied,30 assisting in improved decision making for care delivery and health system sustainability.31
Interprofessional collaboration for QI, HMR and THMR
Interprofessional projects can be conceptualised and implemented for a topic across each activity on the HSI continuum (table 2). Demonstrating this idea, four significant topics in the health management field are developed as either QI, HMR or THMR activities (rows); conversely, depending on the project aim, the appropriate HSI activity can be applied to any topic to drive improvement (columns). Whichever combination of topic-activity for a interprofessional project, the result is improved patient care outcomes through increased efficiency in health services delivery.32 The exemplar topics are derived from key issues in the literature33 and align with the panel/team and key industry partners research projects.
Exemplar health management projects across the Health system improvement (HSI) continuum
Interprofessional collaboration, including professionals from clinical and corporate domains as well different disciplines within each, is highly effectual in investigating the breadth and complexity issues, as well as planning, developing and implementing solutions.4 Nevertheless, studies of clinical and corporate roles in implementing organisation or system-wide initiatives are less frequently conducted, compared with those examining clinical34 or corporate roles2 alone. For example, issues such as infection control are relevant to all staff in healthcare organisations, with clear responsibilities for administrators as well as clinical professionals.35 While interprofessional HMR and THMR have been less evident in the past, this may change with a growing focus on clinical and corporate collaboration for pandemic management.26 36 37
Aligning outcomes to HSI activities
To determine which HSI activity to undertake, it is first necessary to decide the outcome sought, recognising that each activity presents opportunities for interprofessional collaboration. Attention is directed to finding the gap between current practice and what is required—the new state. If the goal is to improve a service or organisational issue at a local level, then QI is a suitable, practical option. If the focus is understanding a local management issue through a theoretical lens, the additional benefits of HMR advocate its use. However, if the outcome necessary is investigating a local organisational priority that has implications across professions, services and organisations, the focus and approach of THMR is more appropriate.
The HSI decision making (HSI-DM) guide and checklist, comprising six steps, can be used as a tool to select and plan a project (table 3). These six interconnected steps include defining the activity, project outcome, aim, use of evidence, appropriate methodology and implementation plan. Each step focuses on an objective, actions and resources. The ‘progress’ column enables the project team to use the guide as a checklist to review, monitor and evaluate actions and implementation outcomes.
HSI decision making (HSI-DM) guide and checklist
Step 1: define the HSI activity
To ensure alignment with health organisational strategic directions, academic researchers, clinicians, managers and executives collaboratively define their local improvement issues and desired outcomes, along with how those can be extrapolated for lessons to the broader health system, if necessary. A decision about which type of HSI activity—QI, HMR and THMR—to undertake is required. The HSI continuum (table 1) can be used to assist in determining which of the activities is most appropriate for the intended outcomes. Additionally, finding examples related to the field of knowledge and contextual components (table 2) can help guide the decision of HSI activity.
Step 2: decide the outcome of the proposed activity
HSI activities can be designed to allow multiple outcomes for the benefit of an organisation, as well provide lessons for external stakeholders. A needs assessment should be undertaken to align the identified problem with team, service and organisational priorities. HSI success is dependent on continuous, cyclical, collaboration between diverse interprofessional stakeholders such as researchers and practitioners.29 Reviewing internal documents as well as outward priorities found in external resources, including the academic literature, industry reports and government policy documents, can ground a HSI activity for the benefit of the local audience and beyond.
Step 3: define a clear aim
For an effective HSI project to occur, a specific project aim clearly aligned with healthcare organisation’s strategic priorities is required. When aligning activity, aim and outcome sought, review together with the organisation’s strategic vision, priorities and values, and the needs of the community that use the service. Reference to organisational plans assists with specifying and operationalising the intended HSI activity aims. Improvement efforts are embedded at the local organisational level, considering practices of the relevant individuals, teams, services, departments and the organisation overall. The HSI activity is geared towards making clear improvement to the way healthcare services are safely delivered and improve outcomes.
Step 4. ground the activity in evidence
A rigorous review of industry and academic evidence sets a solid foundation for the HSI agenda. The process of grounding an improvement activity within an evidence framework provides the platform to integrate information from multiple stakeholders. Industry reports and government policy documents provide evidence to explain the significance of the HSI activity for the organisation and wider health system. A review of peer-reviewed literature, conducted in a systematic manner, manifests the knowledge base of the identified problem. This combination of evidence sources uncovers and validates the gaps between the knowledge and practice and determines a theoretically sound and pragmatic method to implement the findings. Throughout this process, the objective is to conceptualise an evidence-based implementation plan that is fitting for the HSI issue under investigation.38
Step 5; determine methodology
HSI activity success is contingent on the systematic planning of how the improvement will occur. Components of the plan include obtaining resources required, identifying stakeholders, study data collection and analysis methods, and setting a realistic timeline for actions. Dedicated and suitable in-kind, financial and staffing resources are required to ensure improvement success. Additionally, there is a need to convene a diverse interprofessional, multiskilled team from across clinical and corporate settings. A well-designed HSI activity uses accessible, current evidence originating from pre-existing or new organisational data points. There is also consideration of the use of comparable data that is available nationally and internationally via credible sources such as WHO, industry research bodies (eg, the King’s Fund and Health Foundation; the Institute for Healthcare Improvement; the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare; and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research). Analysis tasks must match data collection strategies, the study team skills set and deliver on the study aim. Finally, a well-formulated study plan is required including milestones for meetings, data collection and analysis, and reporting activities.
Step 6: scope dissemination plan
For research findings to be used by practitioners for service and QI, they must be communicated in a timely manner which is congruent with the contextual needs of practitioners. This requires consideration of the discourse used by clinical and corporate health professionals, the time constrains under which those professionals operate and their learning preferences. An awareness of these factors assists with framing the research findings in a contextually relevant manner, making them applicable for staff to implement. Ongoing collaboration between academics, health executives and managers can inform strategies to effectively diffuse research findings for service and QI. Specifically, dissemination tools, including the ‘REAch and Diffusion of health iMprovement Evidence’ checklist and ‘Strategic Translation and Engagement Planning’ tool,39 assists with selecting suitable communication methods for the targeted professional group(s) that the research would benefit.
Conclusion
The HSI continuum, the constituent parts and six-step process to operationalise projects have been discussed and detailed. The HSI continuum of activities, including QI, HMR and THMR, is to be used to drive the design, implementation and evaluation of projects according to the specific contextual characteristics. This approach recognises that the same topic can be examined using different HSI activities and specifying the long-term purpose is the key task to commencing and success. The HSI-DM guide and checklist, provides clear steps, actions and resources to implement projects. This item can be used by both novice and experienced individuals and interprofessional teams. Each HSI activity presents opportunity for interprofessional teamwork, by providing a platform where siloed approaches to healthcare can be overcome through intentional collaboration. Planned and executed appropriately, HSI projects enable clinical and managerial professionals to make evidence-informed decisions that benefit their services, organisation and sector.
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References
Footnotes
Contributors KE and DG designed and scoped the manuscript. All authors undertook research, writing and editing of the manuscript.
Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests None declared.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.